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doi:10.1038/ngeo392
Shijie Zhong
Nature Geoscience 2, 19 (2008). doi:10.1038/ngeo392
Nature Publishing Group
© 2008 Nature Publishing Group
Migration of Tharsis volcanism on Mars caused by differential rotation of the lithosphere
pdfTeX-1.40.9
© 2008 Nature Publishing Group
10.1038/ngeo392
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2008-12-14
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2008-12-11T10:54:07+05:30
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/F34 6.0418 Tf 155.636 288.992 Td [(,)]TJ
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1 0 0 1 157.086 288.992 cm
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1 0 0 1 254.345 275.157 cm
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1 0 0 1 256.576 275.157 cm
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/F34 9.2951 Tf 256.576 275.157 Td [(2)]TJ
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1 0 0 1 281.236 215.766 cm
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/F34 6.0418 Tf 281.236 215.766 Td [(15)]TJ
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1 0 0 1 148.552 205.306 cm
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/F34 6.0418 Tf 197.029 194.845 Td [(15)]TJ
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1 0 0 1 225.495 163.462 cm
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/F34 6.0418 Tf 225.495 163.462 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 228.395 163.462 cm
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 228.395 163.462 Td [(\025)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 231.416 163.462 cm
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 231.416 163.462 Td [(5)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 234.316 163.462 cm
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BT
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BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 251.624 118.245 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
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1 0 0 1 267.491 118.245 cm
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BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 267.491 118.245 Td [(1)]TJ
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ET
1 0 0 1 39.685 59.209 cm
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1 0 0 1 0 -4.582 cm
[]0 d 0 J 0.498 w 0 0 m 508.33 0 l S
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1 0 0 1 -39.685 -59.209 cm
BT
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BT
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1 0 0 1 499.492 404.06 cm
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BT
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BT
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 432.546 351.756 Td [(20)]TJ
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 438.346 351.756 Td [(,)]TJ
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BT
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BT
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BT
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BT
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BT
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BT
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 352.329 299.452 Td [(15)]TJ
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BT
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ET
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BT
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ET
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BT
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BT
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1 0 0 1 478.526 257.609 cm
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 478.526 257.609 Td [(,)]TJ
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1 0 0 1 479.976 257.609 cm
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BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 485.776 257.609 cm
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BT
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ET
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BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 487.226 257.609 Td [(15)]TJ
ET
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BT
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BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 385.732 247.149 cm
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BT
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1 0 0 1 494.335 215.766 cm
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BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 500.135 215.766 cm
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BT
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1 0 0 1 -501.586 -215.766 cm
BT
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1 0 0 1 507.386 215.766 cm
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BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 536.587 184.384 cm
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1 0 0 1 -536.587 -184.384 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 542.387 184.384 cm
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1 0 0 1 -542.387 -184.384 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 398.335 153.002 cm
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1 0 0 1 -398.335 -153.002 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 404.135 153.002 cm
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1 0 0 1 -404.135 -153.002 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 470.659 153.002 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -470.659 -153.002 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 470.659 153.002 Td [(13)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 476.459 153.002 cm
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ET
1 0 0 1 476.99 750.125 cm
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ET
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1 .5 1 0 k 1 .5 1 0 K
q
1 0 0 1 0.499 -16.734 cm
[]0 d 0 J 0.996 w 0 0 m 0 19.568 l S
Q
q
1 0 0 1 -521.281 -17.232 cm
[]0 d 0 J 0.996 w 0 0 m 522.277 0 l S
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q 1.00273 0 0 1.00269 0 0 cm
q
1 0 0 1 0 0 cm
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Q
1 0 0 1 -50.084 -571.063 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 47.261 524.249 cm
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ET
1 0 0 1 111.959 475.319 cm
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1 0 0 1 -111.959 -475.319 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 117.759 475.319 cm
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1 0 0 1 -117.759 -475.319 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 117.759 475.319 Td [(,)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 119.209 475.319 cm
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1 0 0 1 -119.209 -475.319 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 119.209 475.319 Td [(23)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 125.009 475.319 cm
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1 0 0 1 -125.009 -475.319 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 50.7 440.563 cm
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1 0 0 1 -50.7 -440.563 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 50.7 440.563 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 66.567 440.563 cm
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0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -66.567 -440.563 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 66.567 440.563 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 71.028 440.563 cm
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1 0 0 1 -71.028 -440.563 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 148.935 433.476 cm
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1 0 0 1 -148.935 -433.476 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 154.735 433.476 cm
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1 0 0 1 -154.735 -433.476 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 262.643 409.181 cm
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1 0 0 1 -262.643 -409.181 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 262.643 409.181 Td [(Figs)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 279.578 409.181 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -279.578 -409.181 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 279.578 409.181 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 284.04 409.181 cm
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1 0 0 1 -284.04 -409.181 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 63.406 398.72 cm
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0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -63.406 -398.72 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 63.406 398.72 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 67.868 398.72 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -67.868 -398.72 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 67.868 398.72 Td [(b\051,)-227(independent)-227(of)-227(initial)-227(conditions)-227(and)-227(convective)-227(vigour)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 286.581 402.094 cm
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1 0 0 1 -286.581 -402.094 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 286.581 402.094 Td [(15)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 292.381 402.094 cm
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1 0 0 1 -292.381 -402.094 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 198.554 377.798 cm
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1 0 0 1 -198.554 -377.798 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 198.554 377.798 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 214.421 377.798 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -214.421 -377.798 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 214.421 377.798 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 218.882 377.798 cm
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1 0 0 1 -218.882 -377.798 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 218.882 377.798 Td [(b\051.)-377(The)-377(lithospheric)]TJ -171.621 -10.46 Td [(viscosity)-476(is)-476(about)-476(six)-475(orders)-476(of)-476(magnitude)-476(higher)-476(than)-476(that)-475(of)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(the)-526(underlying)-527(asthenosphere)-526(\050)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 171.055 356.877 cm
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1 0 0 1 -171.055 -356.877 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 171.055 356.877 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 186.922 356.877 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -186.922 -356.877 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 186.922 356.877 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 191.384 356.877 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -191.384 -356.877 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 244.99 346.416 cm
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1 0 0 1 -244.99 -346.416 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 244.99 346.416 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 260.857 346.416 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -260.857 -346.416 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 260.857 346.416 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 265.319 346.416 cm
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1 0 0 1 -265.319 -346.416 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 123.878 325.494 cm
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1 0 0 1 -123.878 -325.494 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 123.878 325.494 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 139.745 325.494 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -139.745 -325.494 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 139.745 325.494 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 144.207 325.494 cm
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1 0 0 1 -144.207 -325.494 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 201.172 294.112 cm
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1 0 0 1 -201.172 -294.112 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 201.172 294.112 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 217.039 294.112 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -217.039 -294.112 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 217.039 294.112 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 221.501 294.112 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -221.501 -294.112 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 50.7 262.73 cm
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1 0 0 1 -50.7 -262.73 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 50.7 262.73 Td [(Figs)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 67.636 262.73 cm
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1 0 0 1 -67.636 -262.73 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 67.636 262.73 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 72.097 262.73 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -72.097 -262.73 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 72.097 262.73 Td [(d,)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 81.8 262.73 cm
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0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -81.8 -262.73 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 81.8 262.73 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 86.261 262.73 cm
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1 0 0 1 -86.261 -262.73 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 86.261 262.73 Td [(d\051.)-276(Previous)-276(numerical)-275(and)-276(laboratory)-276(studies)-276(have)-276(also)]TJ -39 -10.461 Td [(shown)-380(that)-380(mantle)-379(plumes)-380(tend)-380(to)-380(develop)-380(below)-380(the)-379(thickened)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(crust)-442(or)-441(lithosphere)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 123.993 245.182 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -123.993 -245.182 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 123.993 245.182 Td [(26)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 129.793 245.182 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -129.793 -245.182 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 129.793 245.182 Td [(,)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 131.243 245.182 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -131.243 -245.182 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 131.243 245.182 Td [(27)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 137.043 245.182 cm
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1 0 0 1 -137.043 -245.182 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 256.814 210.426 cm
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1 0 0 1 -256.814 -210.426 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 256.814 210.426 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 272.681 210.426 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -272.681 -210.426 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 272.681 210.426 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 277.143 210.426 cm
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1 0 0 1 -277.143 -210.426 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 277.143 210.426 Td [(d\025f\051.)]TJ -229.882 -10.461 Td [(The)-268(resulting)-268(plate)-268(motion)-268(is)]TJ/F186 9.2951 Tf 111.121 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.25 0 Td [(20%)-268(of)-268(the)-268(maximum)-268(mantle)-268(flow)]TJ -118.371 -10.461 Td [(velocity)-243(\050)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 81.638 189.504 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -81.638 -189.504 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 81.638 189.504 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 97.505 189.504 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -97.505 -189.504 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 97.505 189.504 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 101.966 189.504 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -101.966 -189.504 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 101.966 189.504 Td [(c\051.)-243(The)-244(lithosphere)-243(rotates)-244(at)-243(a)-243(rate)-244(of)]TJ/F186 9.2951 Tf 141.949 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.25 0 Td [(6)-243(times)-244(that)]TJ -203.904 -10.46 Td [(in)-166(the)-166(lower)-166(mantle)-167(but)-166(with)-166(opposite)-166(directions)-166(\050)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 227.356 179.044 cm
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1 0 0 1 -227.356 -179.044 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 227.356 179.044 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 243.222 179.044 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -243.222 -179.044 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 243.222 179.044 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 247.684 179.044 cm
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1 0 0 1 -247.684 -179.044 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 247.684 179.044 Td [(e,f\051.)-166(For)-166(each)]TJ -200.423 -10.461 Td [(depth)-247(layer,)-247(a)-247(rotation)-247(vector)-247(representing)-247(the)-247(rotation)-247(of)-247(the)-247(layer)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(can)-225(be)-225(determined)-225(from)-225(the)-225(flow)-225(velocity,)-225(but)-225(the)-225(total)-225(rotation)-225(for)]TJ 0 -10.461 Td [(the)-271(mantle)-271(and)-272(lithosphere)-271(must)-271(be)-271(zero)-272(in)-271(a)-271(non-rotating)-271(mantle)]TJ 0 -10.46 Td [(reference)-164(frame)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 104.687 140.575 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -104.687 -140.575 cm
BT
/F34 6.0418 Tf 104.687 140.575 Td [(20)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 110.487 140.575 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -110.487 -140.575 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 216.221 137.201 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -216.221 -137.201 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 216.221 137.201 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 232.087 137.201 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -232.087 -137.201 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 232.087 137.201 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 236.549 137.201 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -236.549 -137.201 cm
BT
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ET
1 0 0 1 117.259 74.436 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -117.259 -74.436 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 117.259 74.436 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 133.126 74.436 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -133.126 -74.436 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 133.126 74.436 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 137.588 74.436 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -137.588 -74.436 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 137.588 74.436 Td [(d\051)-183(to)]TJ/F186 9.2951 Tf 19.424 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.251 0 Td [(90)]TJ/F186 6.0418 Tf 8.923 3.374 Td [(\016)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 5.219 -3.374 Td [(after)-183(a)-183(non-dimensional)-183(time)-183(of)]TJ/F186 9.2951 Tf -131.144 -10.461 Td [(\030)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.25 0 Td [(0)]TJ/F185 9.2951 Tf 4.462 0 Td [(:)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 2.556 0 Td [(0017)-256(\050)]TJ/F186 9.2951 Tf 23.663 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.25 0 Td [(300)-167(Myr\051)-256(to)-256(place)-255(the)-256(plume)-256(near)-256(the)-255(melt)-256(residue)-256(cap)]TJ -45.181 -10.461 Td [(boundary)-345(\050)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 90.119 53.514 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -90.119 -53.514 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 90.119 53.514 Td [(Figs)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 107.055 53.514 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -107.055 -53.514 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 107.055 53.514 Td [(2)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 111.516 53.514 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -111.516 -53.514 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 111.516 53.514 Td [(f)-345(and)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 134.705 53.514 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -134.705 -53.514 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 134.705 53.514 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 139.166 53.514 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -139.166 -53.514 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 139.166 53.514 Td [(d\051.)-345(The)-345(plume)-345(location)-344(is)-345(then)-345(stabilized)]TJ -91.905 -10.46 Td [(with)]TJ/F185 9.2951 Tf 19.503 0 Td [(1\022)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 15.394 0 Td [(undulating)-312(around)]TJ/F186 9.2951 Tf 74.151 0 Td [(\030)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 7.25 0 Td [(90)]TJ/F186 6.0418 Tf 8.923 3.374 Td [(\016)]TJ/F34 9.2951 Tf 6.421 -3.374 Td [(\050)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 182.343 43.054 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -182.343 -43.054 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 182.343 43.054 Td [(Fig.)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 198.209 43.054 cm
0 g 0 G
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -198.209 -43.054 cm
BT
/F34 9.2951 Tf 198.209 43.054 Td [(3)]TJ
ET
1 0 0 1 202.671 43.054 cm
0 g 0 G
1 0 0 1 -202.671 -43.054 cm
BT
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